Types of Hornet Nest: A Friendly Guide to Identification

Hornets are a fascinating group of insects with intriguing nesting habits. You might have come across different types of hornet nests while exploring the outdoors. Understanding the characteristics of these nests can help you identify which species of hornet is residing in the area.

In this article, we’ll be examining various types of hornet nests, from their construction to location preferences. You’ll learn how to recognize the distinctive nests of species like the baldfaced hornet, yellow-legged hornet, and the European hornet.

By distinguishing between the different types of nests, you can better appreciate the diverse behaviors and habitat needs of these insects. So, get ready to delve into the world of hornets and explore their unique architectural abilities!

Understanding the Hornet Species

Bald-Faced Hornet

The Bald-faced Hornet is a social wasp known for its large, gray, paper nests made of chewed wood fiber mixed with saliva. These nests are commonly attached to tree branches, shrubs, utility poles, or houses. This species is part of the family Vespidae.

European Hornet

Another social wasp, the European Hornet, is large, usually about 3/4 to 1 3/8 inches long. They are brown with yellow stripes on their abdomen and a light-colored face. European Hornets build fragile, tan paper nests in concealed places like hollow trees, barns, outbuildings, hollow walls of houses, attics, and abandoned bee hives.

Asian Hornet

The Asian Hornet is a smaller species of hornet, similar to the European Hornet. This venomous insect builds nests both above and below ground, making them more difficult to locate and remove.

Giant Hornet

The Giant Hornet, also known as the Northern Giant Hornet, ranges in size from one to nearly two inches long. They are the largest species of hornet and are usually found nesting in trees or on the ground.

Oriental Hornet

Oriental Hornets thrive in warmer climates and are known for their unique ability to convert sunlight into energy, much like plants. This species often nests underground or beneath rocks and debris.

Asian Giant Hornet

The Asian Giant Hornet (Vespa mandarinia) is the world’s largest species of hornet. It can be over 2 inches in length with a large orange head and distinctive black and orange/yellow striped abdomen. These hornets form large colonies that usually nest in the ground but can also be found in tree cavities.

Dolichovespula

Dolichovespula is a genus of the family Vespidae, containing various species of wasps commonly referred to as aerial yellowjackets or hornets. These species create nests made from paper-like material, often hanging from trees or other structures.

Here’s a comparison table to highlight differences between some of the hornet species:

Hornet Nest Characteristics

Color

Hornet nests can come in various colors such as black, brown, and gray. These colors often blend well with their surroundings, making them difficult to spot. For example, a nest built in a tree or shrub might have a brownish hue to match the branches.

Shape

The shape of hornet nests can vary depending on the species. Some nests have a round or oval shape, while others might be more elongated. The surface of the nest can also have different textures, ranging from smooth to rough. In general, the shape of the nest is designed to protect the hornets inside and keep them safe from predators and harsh weather conditions.

Size

• Nests can range from small to large, depending on the species
• The size of the nest reflects the number of hornets it can accommodate

A hornet nest’s size can also differ significantly, with some nests being small and others quite large. The size of the nest is an indicator of the number of hornets it can house.

Location

Hornets build their nests in various locations, including:

• Trees
• Shrubs
• Buildings
• Tree branches
• Underground
• Attics
• Wall voids
• Elevated areas

For example, the European hornet typically builds its nests in hollow trees, barns, sheds, attics, and wall voids of houses. On the other hand, the bald-faced hornet creates large aerial nests, as opposed to the yellowjacket relatives that build subterranean nests.

It’s essential to be aware of these characteristics to identify and deal with hornet nests effectively. Keep in mind, however, that it’s not advisable to tackle hornet nests on your own, as these insects can be aggressive and their stings quite painful. Instead, consider enlisting the help of a professional for safe and effective removal.

Building Process of Hornet Nests

Materials

Hornet nests are primarily made from chewed wood and saliva, which is combined to create a papery material called wood pulp. The hornets collect these materials using their powerful mandibles. Not only do they rely on wood, but they might also use mud and tree sap for building their nests.

Building Method

The building process of a hornet nest starts with the queen selecting an ideal location. Workers then begin to construct the nest by chewing bits of wood to form a pulp-like substance. They’ll mix this wood pulp with their saliva, creating a durable, papery material that is perfect for building nests. The workers shape this material into hexagonal cells for the insect’s residence.

Some common features of hornet nests include:

• Single-layer construction
• Hexagonal cell structure
• Hanging from a tree branch or other structure

Colony Contribution

The entire hornet colony plays a role in constructing their nest, with specific tasks designated to different members. The queen is responsible for laying eggs and maintaining the colony, while the worker hornets take care of collecting materials and building the nest. They all work together to create a functional and protective home for themselves.

To give you a better understanding of how hornet nests compare to other insects, here’s a comparison table:

Different Types of Hornet Nests

Tree Nests

Tree nests can be found in various types of trees and appear as large, football-shaped structures. Hornets create these nests by chewing on wood fibers and mixing them with their saliva, forming a papery material that they use for their nest construction. Some examples of hornets that create tree nests are the baldfaced hornets.

Ground Nests

Ground nests are another type of hornet nest that can be found closer to or on the ground. Often, these nests are near the base of trees, in shrubbery, or even in abandoned rodent burrows. Ground nests can be slightly more challenging to identify due to their locations, but they typically have a similar papery appearance as tree nests.

Subterranean Nests

Subterranean nests are built underground by some hornet species, such as the Northern giant hornets, which usually nest in the ground but can also be found in tree cavities. These nests are often hidden and hard to spot, as they are usually concealed by grass or other vegetation. The entrance to the nest is usually quite small, but the actual size of the nest underground can be quite large.

Basketball Nests

Basketball nests are a term that describes the shape and size of a hornet nest rather than the location or specific species of hornets. These nests are roughly the size of a basketball and can be found hanging from branches or attached to other structures. Hornets that create nests of this size are often aggressive and may protect their nest vigorously.

Comparison Table

Lifecycle of a Hornet Nest

Spring

In spring, the overwintering queen emerges from her hiding place, such as leaf litter or tree bark. She is responsible for starting a new colony. During this time, she will construct a small nest and lay her first batch of eggs. As they hatch into larvae, the queen feeds them with food she gathers, like insects and nectar. After the larvae pupate and become adult workers, they assist the queen with chores, like nest expansion and hunting for the growing brood.

Summer

During summer, the hornet colony flourishes. The nest, which began as a small structure, grows rapidly and can reach considerable sizes. Worker hornets become very active, foraging for food and defending their territory. Inside the nest, new eggs are laid, and larvae develop in their chambers, getting fed and cared for by the adult workers.

Fall

As fall approaches, the nest’s focus shifts from raising workers to producing new queens and male hornets. These reproductive hornets leave the nest and mate. After mating, the males die, and the new queens seek out places to overwinter. Meanwhile, the remaining workers and the old queen slowly perish, leaving the nest to decay.

Winter

In winter, the hornet nest is abandoned, and no activity takes place within it. The new queens are safely tucked away in their overwintering spots, waiting for the arrival of spring to start the cycle anew.

Remember not to disturb a hornet nest, especially during its active season. Hornets play a crucial role in the ecosystem by controlling insect populations and pollinating plants. Respecting their natural life cycle allows them to continue these essential tasks.

Problems and Risks Associated with Hornet Nests

Stinging Threat

If you come across a hornet nest close to your home or yard, it poses a stinging threat. Hornets are typically unaggressive, but when they feel that their nest is disturbed, they can become aggressive and may sting to defend it¹. Here are a few risks related to hornet stings:

• Hornets can sting multiple times
• Their venom can cause localized pain and swelling
• Some people might experience an allergic reaction

Property Damage

In some cases, hornet nests can cause property damage. They often build their nests in trees, eaves, and attics². Nested hornets can cause the following damages:

• Chewed wood or insulation materials to build their nests
• Stains on walls and ceilings from waste produced by the insects

Invasive Species

Invasive hornet species, like the Northern giant hornet, can cause problems in local ecosystems. They are predatory insects preying upon other insects, including local pollinators³. When their populations increase, they can lead to:

• Disruption of the food chain in native habitats
• Reduction in native plant pollination

In conclusion, hornets can pose risks to humans and the environment. Keep a safe distance from their nests and consult a professional for removal if necessary. Always stay alert and check your surroundings to avoid coming in contact with these insects.

Removal and Prevention of Hornet Nests

Professional Removal

If you come across a hornet nest on your property, consider hiring a professional to remove it, especially if it is located in a high-traffic area or near a building. Professionals have the necessary tools and experience to safely remove nests without harming the environment or provoking the hornets. They usually perform the removal at night when hornets are less active. A few benefits of professional removal are:

• Safety: Experienced professionals use protective gear and specialized tools.
• Efficiency: They know the best methods to remove the nest quickly and completely.
• Peace of mind: You can be assured that the problem will be expertly handled.

DIY Methods

If you decide to tackle a hornet nest removal on your own, exercise caution and follow these tips:

1. Wait for dusk or early night when hornets are less active.
2. Wear protective clothing, including gloves and a face shield.
3. Apply a pesticide approved for hornets, or use a combination of soap and water in a spray bottle.
4. Be prepared to leave the area quickly if the hornets become aggressive.

Keep in mind that DIY methods can pose risks, and it is essential to weigh the pros and cons before proceeding:

Pros:

• Cost-effective: DIY methods usually require fewer financial resources.
• Flexible timing: You can choose when to remove the nest according to your convenience.

Cons:

• Safety risks: Without professional training, you may be more susceptible to hornet stings or injury.
• Incomplete removal: If not done correctly, the hornets could return to rebuild the nest.

Preventive Strategies

You can prevent hornet nests from forming in your garden or urban property with the following strategies:

• Regularly inspect your property for signs of hornet activity, such as nests in bushes, trees, or buildings.
• Seal any openings or crevices in your home, to prevent hornets from building nests inside.
• Remove food sources, such as open garbage cans or pet food dishes, that may attract hornets.
• Plant natural deterrents in your garden, like mint, eucalyptus, or wormwood.

Remember, hornets can be beneficial insects by controlling pests and acting as pollinators. However, if their presence poses a threat to you or your property, it’s essential to take appropriate measures to remove and prevent hornet nests.