Cicadas are large, plant-feeding insects known for their loud mating calls and discarded exoskeletons that cling to trees and vegetation. Although they may be harmless to people, plants, and property, having swarms of cicadas around can still be bothersome to some.
To help manage this issue, there are a few tips on controlling cicada populations. One effective method is to cover young shrubs with a ¼ inch netting, which provides a barrier against egg-laying female cicadas. This commercially available netting is easy to use and helps protect your plants during peak cicada season.
There are several types of cicadas, but the 17-year variety belonging to Brood X is known for emerging en masse, with up to 1.5 million cicadas per acre coming out of the ground when irises begin to bloom. Understanding their life cycle and peak times of appearance can help you better prepare for managing the cicada population around your home.
Understanding Cicadas
Periodical Cicadas
Periodical cicadas are a unique group of cicada species that emerge en masse every 13 or 17 years. Their appearance in such large quantities varies in different regions, as seen in the 17-year cicadas predominantly found in the Eastern United States, also known as Brood X.
Adult periodical cicadas have distinct black bodies and large red-brown eyes, with membranous wings featuring orange veins.
Distinct features:
- Black bodies, red-brown eyes
- Orange-veined wings
- Emergence every 13 or 17 years
Annual Cicadas
Unlike periodical cicadas, annual cicadas emerge every year, typically from July to September. Their lifespan is shorter, and they can be found in various regions across the globe.
Adult annual cicadas display a mix of colors, such as black, tan, green, and rust.
Distinct features:
- Black, tan, green, rust-colored bodies
- Appearance every year
- Widespread distribution
Life Cycle
The life cycle of both cicadas starts with females laying eggs on tree branches. After hatching, the nymphs fall to the ground and burrow into the soil, where they feed on tree roots for the duration of their development.
The nymphs of periodical cicadas spend 13 or 17 years underground before emerging, whereas annual cicada nymphs complete this phase in 2 to 5 years. When ready to transform into adults, they come out of the ground and shed their exoskeletons, leaving behind discarded shells.
Comparison table:
Feature | Periodical Cicadas | Annual Cicadas |
---|---|---|
Emergence frequency | 13 or 17 years | Every year |
Colors | Black, red-brown | Black, tan, green, rust |
Nymph development | 13 or 17 years | 2 to 5 years |
Cicadas are generally harmless to humans and plants, but during cicada season, it’s essential to protect young trees and shrubs from egg-laying females by using ¼ inch netting.
Recognizing Cicada Damage
Damage to Trees
Cicada damage in trees can be subtle, so know the signs helps mitigate and address issues effectively. Female cicadas use an appendage called an ovipositor to create slits in twigs and lay their eggs. This can result in:
- Branch dieback
- Leaves turning brown
Example of a damaged tree:
- A young oak tree with brown leaves at the end of some branches, indicating cicada egg-laying.
Impact on Gardens
While cicadas are not harmful to humans or pets, they can still impact your garden. Here’s a brief overview of their effect on plants and gardens:
Pros:
- Cicadas aerate soil with their emergence holes
- Their feeding does not typically harm established plants
Cons:
- Egg-laying can damage young trees and shrubs
- Tunnels created by nymphs may disrupt roots
Example of impacted garden:
A sapling with wilted or broken branches due to cicada egg-laying.
Comparison of cicada damage on different plants:
Plant Type | Severity of Damage | Factors |
---|---|---|
Young trees | High | Branch damage from egg-laying |
Mature trees | Low | Little to no damage, mostly aesthetic |
Annuals | Low | Minimal impact on flowering or growth |
To protect young trees and shrubs, use a ¼-inch netting to cover them and prevent female cicadas from accessing the branches. This simple method, when done properly, can help mitigate potential damage to your garden.
Methods for Controlling Cicadas
Using Insecticides
Although cicadas are generally harmless, if you have a major infestation and want to get rid of cicadas, insecticides can be an option. Some examples of insecticides that can be used are Sevin and Malathion. Use them sparingly, as these chemicals can also harm beneficial insects.
Pros:
- Effective against high number of cicadas
Cons:
- Harmful to beneficial insects and the environment
- May require multiple applications
Natural Predators
One of the most effective ways to manage cicada populations is to encourage the presence of their natural predators. Some common predators include:
- Birds
- Cicada killer wasps
- Beneficial insects like parasitic flies
These predators can help keep the cicada population in check without causing harm to the environment.
Physical Barriers
Physical barriers can help prevent cicadas from causing damage to your garden or trees. Methods include:
- Placing landscape netting or foil around young plants or trees
- Applying barrier tape to prevent nymphs from climbing, thus reducing their chances of mating
This approach is ideal if you want to protect a specific plant or tree without using chemicals or disturbing their natural predators.
Hiring an Exterminator
If cicada infestation is affecting a large area or causing significant damage, it might be worth hiring an exterminator. They can help manage the situation and apply appropriate measures.
Comparison Table:
Insecticides | Natural Predators | Physical Barriers | Exterminator | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Effectiveness | High | Medium | Medium | High |
Environmental Impact | High | Low | Low | Medium |
Cost | Low | Low | Medium | High |
Ease of Implementation | Medium | Medium | Medium | Low |
Keep in mind that cicadas are a natural part of the ecosystem and do not typically cause long-term damage. In most cases, tolerating their short-lived emergence might be the best approach, as their presence can also benefit the environment.
Bug Control Recommendation Tool
Dealing with Cicada Emergence
Managing Noise and Disruption
Cicadas, especially the Brood X variety, are known for their loud mating calls. To deal with this noise, consider using earplugs for outdoor activities or while sleeping. Additionally, you can also:
- Install soundproofing materials around your home, particularly on windows
- Use white noise machines to drown out the cicada sounds
Another disruption caused by cicadas is the holes they create when they emerge from their burrows in states like Georgia, Maryland, and North Carolina. These holes can become unsightly and damage your garden.
For this issue, you can:
- Fill in the holes with fresh soil
- Add compost or mulch to reinvigorate the garden
Protecting Pools and Hot Tubs
Cicada infestations can lead to an increased presence of insects in pools and hot tubs. To prevent this, follow these steps:
- Use covers on pools and hot tubs when not in use
- Install insect-proof screens around pool or hot tub areas
- Regularly skim the water surface to remove any cicadas
Comparing two popular methods – foil & barrier tape and insect-proof screens:
Method | Pros | Cons |
---|---|---|
Foil & Barrier Tape | Easy to apply, cost-effective | May not cover all entry points |
Insect-proof Screens | Provides a more complete barrier, re-usable | May be time-consuming to install, higher cost |
By following these tips, you’ll be better prepared to manage the noise and disruption caused by cicadas during their emergence. The key is to be proactive in addressing these issues and maintaining a comfortable living environment in your home and outdoor spaces.
Region-Specific Cicada Information
State-by-State Cicada Emergence
In the following states, cicada emergence varies:
- Magicicada species: Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, South Carolina, Tennessee
- Other species: Alabama, Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Wisconsin
Magicicada Species
The Magicicada species have periodical cicadas. They emerge either every 13 or 17 years. Here are some key characteristics:
- Black body
- Red-brown eyes
- Orange-veined wings
For example, in Indiana, Brood X emerges every 17 years with up to 1.5 million cicadas per acre.
Other States Cicada Emergence
The annual or “dog-day” cicadas have quite different characteristics:
- Green or camouflaged body
- Smaller antennae
- Life cycle up to 5 years
In these states, cicada populations emerge every year, like in Iowa.
Cicada Life Cycle
Cicada nymphs spend most of their life underground, feeding on tree roots and nesting. They create tunnels in the dirt, and when they’re ready to emerge, they molt into adults. This is typically in the summer months. Adult cicadas soon mate and lay eggs on tree branches, then die.
Predators: Killer Wasps
Cicadas have natural predators like the killer wasps. These wasps hunt cicadas, paralyze them, and drag them to their nest to feed their larvae. This helps regulate the cicada population.
Comparison Table: Magicicada vs. Dog-Day Cicadas
Feature | Magicicada | Dog-Day Cicadas |
---|---|---|
Body Color | Black | Green/Camouflaged |
Eyes | Red-Brown | Variable |
Wings Veins | Orange | Varies |
Life Cycle | 13 or 17 years | Up to 5 years |
Emergence | Periodical | Annual |
Stacy Belanger
5 Comments. Leave new
Hi! Just have to say thank you for a great website! I’ve spent the last week trying to identify an insect that I had never seen before! It was truly, strange and after I had it for two days, it suddenly morphed!! So,now I had this even stranger, winged insect! It came out very white, but darkened up fairly quickly. Needless to say, it was a cicada nymph that morphed into an adult! I never would have dreamed that these would live where I do. That being in Brownsville, CA. The elevation is about 2200-2300 feet in the Sierra Nevadas an hour and a half north of Sacramento. I’d be interested to know if it’s common for them to be in this area. Any help is appreciated!
Thank you!
Hi! Just have to say thank you for a great website! I’ve spent the last week trying to identify an insect that I had never seen before! It was truly, strange and after I had it for two days, it suddenly morphed!! So,now I had this even stranger, winged insect! It came out very white, but darkened up fairly quickly. Needless to say, it was a cicada nymph that morphed into an adult! I never would have dreamed that these would live where I do. That being in Brownsville, CA. The elevation is about 2200-2300 feet in the Sierra Nevadas an hour and a half north of Sacramento. I’d be interested to know if it’s common for them to be in this area. Any help is appreciated!
Thank you!
There is more Cicada diversity in areas with wetter climates, but Cicadas are found throughout North America.
my sister in law lives in London ONT Canada, she has found around 5 in her yard what do they do besides noise do they damage property or trees? what is their purpose can u please post a article on face book in Canada
Cicadas are an important link to the food chain as they provide food for a variety of creatures, including other insect, birds and mammals.