Flatid Planthopper: Essential Guide for Curious Bug Enthusiasts

Flatid planthoppers, belonging to the family Flatidae, are fascinating insects that play a significant role in the ecosystem. With over 1,446 species distributed among 299 genera, these planthoppers exhibit diverse characteristics and behaviors. Some of the most common types include the citrus flatid planthopper, Metcalfa pruinosa, and the green coneheaded planthopper.

Citrus flatid planthoppers are dark bluish-black insects covered in a white, waxy bloom, giving them a whitish or bluish-white appearance. They have orange or reddish eyes and are about 1/4 inch in length. On the other hand, the green coneheaded planthopper is virtually harmless to plants and sometimes feeds in groups alongside other planthopper nymphs.

Examples of their characteristics:

• Dark bluish-black or green in color
• Covered in a white, waxy bloom
• Orange or reddish eyes
• Feed on twigs and stems of plants

By understanding the unique traits and behaviors of flatid planthoppers, we can better appreciate the important role they play in our ecosystems.

What Are Flatid Planthoppers

Insect Classification

Flatid planthoppers are small, jumping insects belonging to the Class Insecta and Order Hemiptera. They are closely related to leafhoppers and cicadas within the insect world. Key characteristics of planthoppers include:

• Unusually angled or pointed head shapes
• Antennae attached below the eyes, on the sides of the head
• Two thick basal segments and a thin bristle-like outer segment on each antenna

Flatidae Family

The Flatidae family is the fourth largest family of planthoppers, with 299 genera and 1,446 species. Flatid planthoppers can be found in various regions, including the U.S. Their distinguishing features include:

• Wedge-shaped, flattened bodies
• Pale green color
• Feeding on plant juices and producing honeydew

Here is a comparison table of other closely related insects to Flatid Planthoppers:

In their native habitats, they seldom cause injury to healthy plants, but when introduced to new regions, they can display destructive feeding behavior, as seen with the Citrus Flatid Planthopper in southern Europe.

Characteristics of Flatid Planthoppers

Physical Features

Flatid planthoppers are small jumping insects belonging to the family Flatidae¹. They are recognized by their:

• Unusually angled or pointed head shapes
• Antennae attached below the eyes on the sides of the head²
• Wedge-shaped and flattened bodies³

For example, Metcalfa pruinosa is a common flatid planthopper with a frosted appearance, and Flatormenis proxima is known for its broad, leaf-like wings⁴.

Life Cycle

The life cycle of flatid planthoppers consists of the following stages:

1. Eggs: Laid on leaves, usually in a row
2. Nymphs: Hatch from eggs and produce white, waxy filaments as they feed on plant sap³
3. Adults: Develop wings and continue feeding on plants

Color Variations

Flatid planthoppers exhibit various colors and patterns, some examples include:

• Flata spp.: Pale green or white
• Flataloides spp.: Yellow-orange with black markings
• Lanternflies: Vivid colors and intricate patterns

Comparison Table

Habitat and Distribution

Geographical Range

Flatid planthoppers are primarily found in warmer, tropical regions, with their diversity increasing in the south. Some species do extend their range into more northern areas (North American Flatidae). For instance, Metcalfa pruinosa, the citrus flatid planthopper, is found in North Carolina during the summer (Citrus Flatid Planthopper).

Plant Hosts

These planthoppers can be found on various host plants, including woody and semi-woody plants such as shrubs and trees. Metcalfa pruinosa, in particular, is known to infest citrus as well as a wide variety of other ornamental plants (Citrus Flatid Planthopper). Examples of other host plants include:

• Pale green stems
• Tropical habitats

Biodiversity

Flatid planthoppers display a diverse range of species. This biodiversity is more concentrated in the southern regions, with fewer widely distributed species found in northern states (North American Flatidae). A comparison table of the different ranges for these insects is provided below:

Behavior and Ecology

Feeding Habits

Flatid planthoppers primarily feed on the sap of various plants, using their specialized mouthparts to pierce plant tissues and extract the nutritious juices. Some examples of plants they feed on include:

• Shrubs
• Trees
• Grasses

While feeding, they produce a sweet substance called honeydew that attracts other insects like ants.

Interactions with Ants

Flatid planthoppers and ants have a mutualistic relationship:

• Planthoppers provide ants with honeydew.
• Ants protect planthoppers from predators and parasites.

This interaction benefits both species and contributes to their overall success in their habitats.

Population Dynamics

Flatid planthopper populations can exhibit fluctuations due to various environmental factors such as:

• Availability of food sources
• Presence of predators and parasites
• Climatic conditions

In some cases, planthoppers may gather near a stream of water to maintain optimal humidity for their eggs. This behavior helps ensure the survival of their offspring.

Comparison Table: Flatid Planthopper vs. Other Planthoppers

In summary, flatid planthoppers have unique feeding habits and mutualistic relationships with ants that contribute to their ecological success. Their population dynamics are influenced by environmental factors, and they exhibit specific behaviors to ensure the survival of their offspring.

Identification and Classification

Major Genera and Species

Flatidae is a large family of planthoppers with 299 genera and 1,446 species. Some major genera within the Flatidae family include:

• Aflata
• Bahuflata
• Cromnella
• Demina
• Desanta
• Gyaria
• Ketumala
• Seliza
• Stenume
• Urana

These genera belong to different tribes, such as Selizini and Nephesini, within the Flatoidinae subfamily source.

Wing Venation Patterns

A key feature of flatid planthoppers is their distinct wing venation patterns. One noteworthy aspect is the submarginal vein.

• Submarginal Vein: This vein runs parallel to the margin in the forewings and presents unique characteristics depending on the genera.

For example, Cromnella has a simpler wing venation pattern compared to Seliza, which exhibits a more intricate pattern (source).

In summary, flatid planthoppers can be identified and classified based on the major genera and species within the family, as well as their unique wing venation patterns, particularly the submarginal vein.

Control and Management

Challenges in Managing Flatid Planthoppers

• Resistance to chemical controls: Due to their adaptive nature, flatid planthoppers may develop a resistance to some insecticides over time.
• Difficult detection: They can be hard to spot given their small size and close resemblance to plant parts, such as twigs.

Recommendations

• Regular monitoring: Keep a close eye on your plants to catch any signs of infestation early on.
• Promote natural predators: Encourage the presence of beneficial insects that can prey on flatid planthoppers.

Chemical and Natural Controls

Example Chemical Controls

• Insecticide A: Highly effective but may harm beneficial insects
• Insecticide B: Milder and safer for beneficial insects, but may be less effective against flatid planthoppers

Example Natural Controls

• Lacewings: Beneficial insects that prey on flatid planthopper nymphs
• Ladybugs: Effective predators of planthoppers, but may also prey on helpful insects

Comparison Table: Chemical vs Natural Controls

In summary, the control and management of flatid planthoppers requires regular monitoring, consideration of both chemical and natural control options, and adaptation to the challenges they may present.

Resources and Further Information

For those interested in learning more about the Flatid Planthopper, refer to the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service website. Keep in mind that this website may not comply with Section 508 (Accessibility Requirements) of the Rehabilitation Act, and links also do not constitute endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

One of the most common Flatid Planthoppers in North Carolina is the Citrus Flatid Planthopper. This species is dark bluish-black, with a white, waxy bloom giving it a whitish or bluish-white appearance. They have orange or reddish eyes and are about 1/4 inch in length. Adults appear during the summer.

For information specifically about North American Flatidae, head over to the Planthoppers of North America website. Flatidae is the 4th largest family of planthoppers, with hundreds of genera and over 1,400 species.

• Mexico: In countries like Mexico, other similar flatid planthopper species can be found.
• Caterpillars: Although not closely related, flatid planthoppers can be mistaken for caterpillars due to their appearance and size.
• Websites: Use reputable sources for more information, like university extension publications or government sites.
• Links: Always verify the credibility of linked content before accepting it as fact.
• Endorsement: Refrain from blindly trusting endorsements and take time to research and confirm information.

Here’s a quick comparison of two related planthopper species:

By learning more about flatid planthoppers and their characteristics, you can deepen your understanding on how they fit into the ecosystem and their impact on agriculture or the environment.