Asian Tiger Mosquito: Essential Facts and Tips

The Asian Tiger Mosquito, scientifically known as Aedes albopictus, is an invasive species originating from Asia. These mosquitoes have black bodies with noticeable white stripes, making them easily identifiable.

Primarily found in southern Ohio, Asian Tiger Mosquitoes can be a nuisance and a potential public health risk. They are efficient vectors for various mosquito-borne diseases, affecting humans and domestic animals like horses and dogs. These mosquitoes have a four-stage life cycle, including egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages, and prefer laying their eggs in standing water.

An interesting fact about Asian Tiger Mosquitoes is that they have been introduced to North America in 1985 through imported used tires. Since then, they have spread to multiple areas, including Maryland, where they have become a major pest and threat to public health.

Overview of Asian Tiger Mosquito

Origins and Distribution

The Asian Tiger Mosquito, scientifically known as Aedes albopictus, is native to Southeast Asia. Over time, it has spread to various parts of the world, including Europe, Africa, and North and South America, primarily through the international trade of used tires and lucky bamboo plants.

Identification and Physical Features

The Asian Tiger Mosquito is identifiable by its distinctive color and shape. Some key features include:

• Size: typically around 2-10 mm in length
• Color: black with white stripes on body and legs
• Antennae: adorned with white bands
• Proboscis: long and black, with a white band

Here’s a comparison of the Asian Tiger Mosquito with a common mosquito (Culex species):

In summary, the Asian Tiger Mosquito is a small mosquito with a characteristic appearance that includes white stripes and bands on its body parts. Its wide distribution makes it a relevant topic to learn about for better understanding and prevention measures.

Life Cycle and Breeding Habits

Eggs and Overwintering

Asian Tiger Mosquitoes lay their eggs near standing water. Examples include:

• Birdbaths
• Puddles
• Used tires

Eggs can survive dry conditions and hatch when exposed to water. They also overwinter and hatch during warmer months.

Larvae and Pupae

The larvae, or “wriggler,” live in water. Key features:

• Most species surface to breathe air
• Mutate several times

The pupae, or “tumbler,” are non-feeding stages that transition into adults.

Adult Mosquitoes

Asian Tiger Mosquitoes have black bodies with white stripes. A single white stripe runs the length of their back. They can transmit diseases like:

• Dog heartworm
• Encephalitis
• Dengue fever
• West Nile virus

They are prevalent across southern states and are typically daytime biters.

Pros and Cons of Breeding Sites

Used Tires

• Pro: Provide egg-laying site
• Con: Promote mosquito’s spread

Birdbaths and Puddles

• Pro: Support local wildlife
• Con: Potential mosquito breeding sites

Diseases and Health Risks

Viral Diseases Transmitted

Asian Tiger Mosquitoes transmit several viral diseases, including:

• West Nile Virus (WNV)
• Chikungunya
• Dengue
• Zika
• Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)
• St. Louis Encephalitis
• Yellow Fever

Symptoms and Treatment

West Nile Virus (WNV): Symptoms can range from mild, displaying fever, headache, and body aches, to severe, like encephalitis and meningitis. Mild cases usually resolve on their own. Serious cases require hospitalization.

Chikungunya: Symptoms include fever, joint and muscle pain, rash, and headache. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms through rest, fluids, and over-the-counter pain medication.

Dengue: Symptoms include high fever, severe headache, joint and muscle pain, and rash. Treatment involves fluid replacement therapy, pain control, and hospitalization if necessary.

Zika: Symptoms are mild, including fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis. Treatment involves rest, fluids, and over-the-counter pain medications.

Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE): Symptoms are sudden and severe, with high fever, headache, stiff neck, and seizures. Treatment is limited to hospital care and supportive measures.

St. Louis Encephalitis: Symptoms include fever, headache, and fatigue. Severe cases can lead to encephalitis. Treatment is limited to supportive measures.

Yellow Fever: Symptoms begin with fever, chills, headache, and muscle pain. In severe cases, jaundice and organ failure can occur. There is no specific antiviral treatment, but supportive care, hydration, and monitoring are essential.

Remember, prevention is key! Avoid mosquito bites by using repellents, wearing protective clothing, and eliminating stagnant water sources.

Prevention and Control Methods

Personal Protection

• Use insect repellents containing DEET, picaridin, IR3535, oil of lemon eucalyptus (OLE), para-menthane-diol (PMD), or 2-undecanone.
• The CDC recommends using products registered with the EPA.
• Follow label instructions and reapply as directed.
• Wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants treated with permethrin.
• Avoid exposure during peak mosquito hours (dawn and dusk).

Example:

• A popular insect repellent is OFF! Deep Woods.

Comparison table:

Environmental Management

• Remove standing water to eliminate breeding grounds.
• Clean and maintain pools, ponds, and water features regularly.
• Check for areas of stagnant water around the home.
• Use mosquito larvicides in standing water that cannot be removed.
• Install screens on windows and doors to minimize indoor contact.

Examples:

• Mosquito larvae can be found in water-filled containers, such as flower pots, bird baths, or unused tires.
• Mosquito Dunks are a larvicide that can be applied to standing water to kill larvae.

Public Health Measures

• Mosquito control programs initiated by local governments.
• Monitoring and research on mosquito populations and disease vectors by institutions like the University of Florida and the CDC.
• Release of modified mosquitoes, such as Wolbachia-infected Aedes albopictus.
• Encourage city-wide community participation in mosquito control efforts.

Geographical Spread and Climate Change

Expansion in the United States

The Asian Tiger Mosquito (Aedes albopictus) originated in Southeast Asia and has since spread to other regions, including the United States. It entered the US in 1985 through the importation of used tires, which provided a site for egg laying and larval development¹. The species can now be found in southern Ohio and has the potential to spread to other areas within the state². In addition, the mosquito has spread to over 900 counties in 26 states³, including California⁴, Maryland, and other states in the southeastern US.

• Native to: Southeast Asia
• Entered US: 1985
• States with established populations: 26

Global Impact

Asian Tiger Mosquitoes are now considered one of the most invasive mosquito species worldwide⁵. They have spread to tropical and subtropical regions⁶ in Europe and Africa, with climate change potentially exacerbating this situation. A recent study revealed that the at-risk population for malaria and dengue could increase by 4 billion to 7 billion people by 2070 due to climate change⁷. It is important to note, however, that temperature is not the only driver of change; human activities and other environmental factors also contribute to the spread of this species⁸.

Research and Emerging Infectious Diseases

The Asian Tiger Mosquito (Aedes albopictus) is a species of concern for public health. Researchers have found that it could transmit various pathogens, affecting both humans and dogs. Some of these diseases include dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika.

These mosquitoes are invasive and can adapt to various climates. This adaptability poses a risk for the spread of emerging infectious diseases globally. The mosquitoes are known for their aggressive daytime human-biting behavior, which makes their impact on public health even more significant.

Asian Tiger Mosquito can be identified by their distinct black and white striped appearance. They prefer breeding in small water containers, such as plant saucers or discarded tires.

Here are some characteristics of the Asian Tiger Mosquito:

• Aggressive daytime biter
• Black and white striped appearance
• Adapts to various climates

Prevention measures are crucial for reducing the risk of these mosquitoes spreading diseases. Some examples include:

• Removing standing water sources
• Installing window and door screens
• Using insect repellent

Monitoring and control efforts, including research on insecticides and biological control, help mitigate the risks associated with the Asian Tiger Mosquito. Public awareness and education play a key role in controlling their population and preventing the spread of infectious diseases.

Comparison between Aedes aegypti (yellow fever mosquito) and Aedes albopictus (Asian Tiger Mosquito):

By understanding the Asian Tiger Mosquito’s behavior, appearance, and risks, we can take practical steps to prevent their population growth and protect ourselves from the emerging infectious diseases they may carry.