Antlions are fascinating insects that go through a unique life cycle. These creatures begin as larvae, known as “doodlebugs,” before transforming into delicate, fragile-looking adults.
The life cycle of an antlion consists of distinct stages, each with its own characteristics and behaviors. Let’s explore the life cycle of antlions in this article.
An Overview of Antlion’s Life Cycle
In the larval stage, antlions are known for their distinctive funnel-shaped pits, which they create in sandy soil to capture prey, mainly ants.
These small larvae wait at the base of the pit and use their caliper-like jaws to snag their victims, dragging them underneath to consume their juices.
After some time, a fully-grown larva forms a cocoon in the ground, initiating the metamorphosis into the adult stage.
Adult antlions resemble damselflies, measuring up to 2 inches in length, and are active primarily at night.
These nocturnal insects can be found flying in forested areas during the summer months, with some species being attracted to lights.
Despite their delicate appearance, adult antlions are skilled predators, and their brief adult life span lasts approximately one month before they lay eggs and continue the life cycle.
Antlion Life Cycle
Eggs
The life cycle of an antlion begins with the female laying eggs singly in sandy soil1. These eggs are carefully placed at the base of their pits, providing a suitable environment for them to hatch.
Larvae
Once hatched, the larvae are small, oval, and plump with segmented abdomens and 6 legs2. These larvae are known for creating funnel-shaped pits in the soil to trap ants. Key characteristics include:
- Mottled, dirt-colored appearance
- Flattened head with pincer-like jaws
- Can have bristles on the body
The larval stage is when antlions are most voracious, feeding on trapped ants that fall into their pits1. As the larvae grow, molting occurs occasionally to accommodate their increasing size.
Pupal Stage
When fully grown, the antlion larva forms a cocoon in the ground, transitioning into the pupal stage3.
During this stage, it stays underground, taking time to transform before emerging as an adult antlion.
Adult Antlions
Adult antlions are delicate insects that can grow up to 2 inches long3. They are usually drab-colored and resemble damselflies, with a few key differences:
Antlion Habitats and Behavior
Pit Traps
Antlions are known for their unique pit traps. The larvae create conical pits in sandy soil to capture prey, mainly ants.
The pits are designed to collapse under the weight of an arthropod, causing them to fall towards the center where the antlion awaits.
Examples of these habitats include sandy playgrounds, dry riverbeds, and sandy areas near buildings.
Feeding Strategies
The larvae of antlions, otherwise known as doodlebugs, are opportunistic predators.
The way they capture prey involves their powerful, sickle-like jaws. When an unsuspecting prey falls into the pit trap, the antlion grabs them and pulls them beneath the soil to consume their juices.
Lifecycle
The antlion lifecycle typically includes an egg, larva, pupa, and adult stage, characterized within the family Myrmeleontidae. Here’s a brief overview of this cycle:
- Female antlions lay single eggs in sandy soil
- Eggs hatch into small larvae (doodlebugs)
- Larvae dig pits, feed on arthropods, and molt as they grow
- When ready, they form a cocoon and metamorphose into an adult
Distribution
Antlions are widespread arthropods and can be found in various habitats.
They primarily reside in regions with sandy soil, which is essential for pit construction.
Here’s a comparison table showing the distribution of antlions in different areas:
| Habitat | Presence of Antlions |
|---|---|
| Dry riverbeds | Common |
| Sandy forests | Rare |
| Desert areas | Common |
| Coastal dunes | Frequent |
Physical Traits of Antlions
Appearance and Size of Larval Antlion
Antlion larvae, known as doodlebugs, have an oval and plump shape. Their bodies are flattened and soft, with segmented abdomens and six legs.
These larvae are dirt-colored and often have bristles. The head of an antlion larva is also flattened and contains a pair of large, sickle-like pincers that may have spines.
Regarding their size, larval antlions in the genus Myrmeleon are typically small, living just beneath conical pits in sandy or loose soil.
Adult Antlion Characteristics
Adult antlions belong to the order Neuroptera. They are larger than their larval form and superficially resemble drab-colored damselflies with elongated bodies. Their scientific name is Myrmeleon sp.
These insects have an intricate veined wing pattern that is mottled with browns and black. Antennae on adult antlions are clubbed or curved and about as long as the combined head and thorax.
Most adult antlions consume nectar and pollen, while some also prey on small insects and spiders.
Key features of antlions:
- Belong to order Neuroptera
- Genus Myrmeleon
- Occur across North America
- Both larval and adult forms are predators
Comparison of larval and adult antlions:
| Characteristics | Larval Antlion | Adult Antlion |
|---|---|---|
| Habitat | Sandy or loose soil | Various habitats |
| Size | Small | Larger than larvae |
| Body type | Plump, flattened, segmented | Elongated, slender |
| Head | Flattened, sickle-like pincers | Normal |
| Diet | Prey on ants and other small insects | Nectar, pollen, small insects, and spiders |
| Wings | Absent | Four veined wings |
| Antennae | Absent | Clubbed or curved, as long as the head and thorax |
With different habitats and diets, antlions play an important role in controlling ant populations and other small insects during their life cycle.
Antlion Interactions with Other Species
Prey and Predators
Larval antlions are known for their unique method of capturing prey. They create sandy pits in which they lie in wait for unsuspecting insects, primarily ants.
The larva has sickle-shaped mandibles that it uses to easily catch and devour its prey. Some predators of antlions include invertebrates like spiders and some species of birds.
Antlion Effect on the Ecosystem
As predators, antlions play an essential role in controlling the population of ants and other small insects.
Mature adult antlions have an elongated body and inhabit spaces such as eaves and foliage, where they feed on insects attracted to lights.
The antlion life cycle involves several stages:
- Eggs: Antlions lay their oval eggs in sandy or loose soil.
- Larval stage: Larvae possess segmented abdomens and create their characteristic sandy pits to capture prey.
- Pupal stage: In this stage, antlions create a silk cocoon where they undergo metamorphosis.
- Adult stage: Adult antlions have an elongated body and wings, feeding on insects while inhabiting eaves and foliage.
Some features of larval antlions include:
- Mottled and dirt-colored
- Bristles present
- Sickle-shaped mandibles
- Segmented abdomens
Some characteristics of adult antlions include:
- Elongated body
- 1½ inch wingspan
- Antenna length about as long as head-width
- Drab-colored and superficially resembling damselflies
Conclusion
Antlions play a vital role in their ecosystem, feeding on other insects and controlling insect populations. Their unique life cycle and hunting techniques make them an intriguing subject for further study.
Antlions lead a captivating life cycle, beginning as larvae with their distinct funnel-shaped pits designed to ensnare ants before metamorphosing into delicate, damselfly-like adults.
These nocturnal insects actively thrive in various habitats, from sandy riverbeds to coastal dunes. As voracious predators, they help maintain ecological balance by controlling insect populations.
Footnotes
-
Antlion Larvae (Doodlebug Larvae) | MDC Teacher Portal ↩
-
Antlions and Doodlebugs | Horticulture and Home Pest News ↩ ↩2 ↩3
-
an antlion – Glenurus gratus (Say) – Entomology and Nematology Department ↩
2 Comments. Leave new
Heoclisis sp. Giant Hairy Antlion 🙂
Single tooth on the jaw suggests a Nymphid lacewing, rather than Myrmeleontid